The blocking is temporary pending a final decision, the court announces.
The verdict concerns legislation that Dodik presented earlier in the week and which means that the federal police and judiciary no longer have the right to exercise power in Republika Srpska, the Bosnian Serb entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The laws would come into force on Friday.
Dodik has urged Bosnian Serbs working for Bosnia and Herzegovina's police and judiciary to resign and join the authorities in the Serb-dominated part of the country.
We have guaranteed them a job, while they retain their legal status, rank and position, said Dodik and promised "the same, or higher salary".
Last week, the Bosnian Serb leader was sentenced to one year in prison and banned from holding political offices after refusing to obey the UN High Representative in the country. Dodik has dismissed the verdict as a political attack.
Bosnia and Herzegovina's Foreign Minister Elmedin Konakovic has condemned Dodik's laws and said that the actions "follow the pattern of a coup".
