The bill means that summonses, investigations and arrests of ultra-Orthodox draft evaders are paused until November 30. However, since the country's constitution states that legislation that expires at the beginning of a new term is extended by three months, the bill effectively means a six-month pause.
The proposal, which was passed by 58 votes to 54, has been heavily criticized by the opposition and relatives of serving soldiers.
Israel's Chief of General Staff Eyal Zamir warns that the law will increase inequality and damage trust among conscripts who actually serve in the military.
The bill comes at a difficult time for Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who is struggling to maintain a majority in the Knesset.
Ultra-Orthodox Jews have long been exempt from the country's mandatory military service. But in late 2024, thousands of ultra-Orthodox were called up for service after the emergency law expired and the defence forces needed to be reinforced during the war in Gaza.
This led to widespread protests and the two ultra-Orthodox parties, the Torah Party and Shas, leaving the government coalition.
Israel goes to the polls on October 27.
