Poland expects 7.1% budget deficit in 2027, far above EU limit

Last year, Poland's deficit was 7.3 percent, and in April this year's deficit was estimated to fall marginally to 6.8 percent of GDP.

The ceiling in the EU's Stability Pact is a deficit of 3 percent of GDP, and if a country violates this, the European Commission can demand action, with threats of sanctions and fines.

Growth in Poland next year is estimated at 3 percent, while inflation is expected to average 2.8 percent during the year, Domanski says.

The large deficit is explained, among other things, by defence appropriations of just over 4.5 percent of GDP in 2027.