The test launch was carried out from a nuclear submarine off Brittany, and the missile then landed in the North Atlantic, according to the French Ministry of Defense.
French President Emmanuel Macron witnessed the test firing from a French warship.
The test comes amid rising tensions in Europe. Macron has warned of changing "Russian aggression and threats" against European countries following a series of hybrid attacks attributed to Moscow.
France has launched a nuclear weapons initiative in which several countries, including Sweden, have been invited to cooperate on deterrence.
