The protests took place in Damascus' Christian quarter, after a Christmas tree was burned down in the country's central parts.
We demand Christians' rights, people chanted as they marched through the capital, reports AFP's reporter on the spot.
The protests come just over two weeks after rebel forces, led by the Islamist movement HTS, seized power in Syria.
One of the demonstrators, Georges, said he was protesting against "injustices against Christians".
If we are not allowed to live with our Christian faith in our country, as we have done before, then we no longer belong here.
The protests broke out after a video was spread, showing masked militiamen setting fire to a Christmas tree in the town of al-Suqaylabiyya, near Hama, where the majority of the population is Christian.
According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), the men were from the Islamist group Ansar al-Tawhid.
In another video posted on social media, a religious leader from the Islamist group HTS claims that those who burned the Christmas tree "were not Syrians" and promises that they will be punished.
The tree will be restored and lit up tomorrow morning, he says in the video.
The Islamist HTS, with roots in al-Qaeda and some support from Turkey, has promised to protect minorities since its lightning-fast offensive ousted dictator al-Assad just over two weeks ago.
