Aside from 14 laps in the middle, when Ferrari driver Charles Leclerc managed to take advantage of a virtual safety car, 19-year-old Antonelli led from start to finish.
Leclerc tried to stay within a second of Antonelli at the end, but was never close to challenging for the win.
The victory extends Antonelli's lead in the drivers' championship.
Mercedes teammate George Russell was forced to retire on the first lap after a collision with Ferrari's Lewis Hamilton.
Red Bull driver Max Verstappen finished third.
The 11th round will be held next weekend in Hungary.
